颐和园铜牛的铸造手法

在颐和园昆明湖东岸靠近十七孔桥的位置摆放有一头铜牛，这是清漪园时期的遗物，铜牛铸造于乾隆二十年（1755年），至今已有二百多年的历史。

On the East Bank of Kunming Lake near the shiqikong bridge in the summer palace, there is a bronze bull. It is a relic of the Qingyi Garden period. The bronze bull was cast in 1755, the 20th year of Emperor Qianlong's reign, and has a history of more than 200 years.

颐和园铜牛铭，是我国古代拨蜡法铸造的代表作。我国古代雕刻，是以写意见长，这只铜牛，却用了写实的手法，它不仅造形生动，而且和周围环境融为一体。置于昆明湖东堤岸边，它神态自若，造型逼真、目光注视着昆明湖的西北方向。

The bronze cattle inscription in summer palace is a representative work of wax casting in ancient China. Ancient Chinese sculpture is a long way to write. This bronze cow uses realistic techniques. It not only makes vivid shape, but also integrates with the surrounding environment. It is located on the East Bank of Kunming Lake, which has a self-expression, realistic shape and eyes on the northwest direction of Kunming Lake.

在铜牛的背上铸有八十字的《铜牛铭》，“夏禹治河，铁牛传颂，义重安澜，后人景从人称汉武，我慕唐尧，瑞应之符，逮于西海”，铭文清楚地表明了铜牛的来历和作用，那就是乾隆效仿前人铸铜牛以镇水患，不过比起那些铁牛来说这件铜牛则更像一座摆设了。铜牛反映了我国当时的铸造艺术水平，是我国现存最大的古代镀金铜牛。清代高宗皇帝弘历，是一代较有作为的君主。于乾隆二十年（1755），沿用大禹治水的传说，仿唐朝铁牛上岸的做法，命匠人铸造了一只铜牛，为了表示大清王朝的繁荣强盛，铜牛全身镀金，并在金牛背上用篆文铸了《金牛铭》。

On the back of the bronze ox, there is an 80 character inscription on the bronze ox: "the Xia Yu ruled the river, the iron ox was praised, and the righteousness was heavy on Anlan. The later Jing Cong was called Hanwu, I admired Tang Yao, the symbol of Ruiying, and captured in the West sea". The inscription clearly shows the origin and function of the bronze ox, that is, Qianlong imitated the predecessors to cast the bronze ox to prevent floods, but compared with those iron oxen, this bronze ox is more like a decoration.